Ingersoll
Ingersoll
The Ingersoll Watch Company is currently owned by Zeon Watches, a British subsidiary of the Hong Kong-based company Herald Group. The brand originated in the United States of America. Ingersoll Watch Company grew out of a mail order business (R H Ingersoll & Bro) started in New York City in 1882 by 21-year-old Robert Hawley Ingersoll and his brother Charles Henry Ingersoll. The company initially sold low-cost items such as rubber stamps.
Ingersoll Watch Company
The first Ingersoll watches, called "Universal" were introduced in 1892, supplied by the Waterbury Clock Company. They were in reality small spring-driven clocks, about three inches diameter and over one inch thick. These were put into watchcases with pendants that carried bows and crowns like contemporary watches. The crown was not functional, the watch was wound by a captive key that hinged out, and a central wheel was used to set the hands, both accessible when the back was opened just as in a clock. At first they were sold wholesale to dealers, but later in 1892 a mail order catalogue was produced and watches were sold directly to the public.
The Waterbury watch company also initially sold the watches, but the Ingersolls soon negotiated a sole agency deal. In 1893 a smaller version of the Universal watch called the "Columbus" was made. In 1896 Ingersoll introduced a watch called the Yankee, setting its price at $1. This made it the cheapest watch available at the time, and the first watch to be priced at one dollar; the "dollar watch" was born. It was cheaply mass-produced from stamped parts and without jewels so that it would be affordable to everyone.
By 1899 the Waterbury Clock Company were producing 8,000 of these watches per day for Ingersoll, who started advertising that 10,000 dealers carried their dollar watch. By 1910, Waterbury was producing 3,500,000 dollar watches per year for Ingersoll. Over twenty years nearly forty million dollar watches were sold, and Ingersoll coined the phrase "The watch that made the dollar famous!" Theodore Roosevelt mentioned that during his hunting trip in Africa he was described as "the man from the country where Ingersoll was produced."
In 1904 Ingersoll opened a store in London, England. In 1905 Robert sailed to England and introduced the Crown pocket watch for 5 shillings, which was the same value as $1 at the time. These were made by a British subsidiary, Ingersoll Ltd, initially assembled from imported parts, and later made entirely in their London factory. These watches were made until the late 1920s, after the American parent company had collapsed.
Ingersoll bought the Trenton Watch Company in 1908, and the bankrupt New England Watch Company in Waterbury, Connecticut, for $76,000 on November 25, 1914. By 1916, the company was producing 16,000 watches per day in 10 different models. In 1917 they produced another popular watch with 7 jewels called the Reliance. In 1919 Ingersoll developed a watch with the so-called "night design", the Radiolite with luminous dial. In the 1930s, the company, now called Ingersoll-Waterbury manufactured the first Mickey Mouse watches. Over five million of these watches would be sold in the first 15 years of production.
Bankruptcy
The Ingersoll Watch Company went bankrupt in 1921 during the recession that followed World War I. It was purchased by the Waterbury Clock Company in 1922 for $1,500,000. Waterbury Clock sold the London-based arm of the Ingersoll watch business, Ingersoll, Ltd., to its board of directors in 1930, making it a wholly British-owned enterprise. In 1944 the Waterbury Clock Company was renamed United States Time Corporation (now Timex Group USA) and continued producing Ingersoll watches in the United States through the 1950s.
Anglo-Celtic Company
Prompted by the war-time government to ensure that in the event of another war Britain had a viable 'clockwork' industry, primarily for mine-fuzes, the British company, Ingersoll Ltd, joined with Smiths (S Smiths & Sons Ltd) and very briefly Vickers-Armstrongs in setting up the Anglo-Celtic Watch Company Ltd (est August 1945) on the Ynyscedwyn estate. This was on the outskirts of the village of Ystradgynlais, near Swansea, Wales.
With Ingersoll for its designs (the famous pocket-watch and Swiss EB based Ingersoll Valiant wrist-watch); Smiths for volume production expertise and Vickers-Armstrongs for volume production capacity, their first pocket-watch model featured the same movement as the earlier American-designed British Ingersolls, now designated calibre PY. These watches were branded Ingersoll (Triumph for export) and Smiths Empire. Wrist watches, based on the Valiant, came in 1949 followed by in-house designs such as the versatile low to fully jewelled TY and SL movements. Ingersoll Ltd pulled out of the venture in 1969 but continued to market some Anglo-Celtic models. Between 1946 and 1980, when the factory closed down, over 30,000,000 watches were made, and exported to 60 different countries throughout the world.
They also made many character and promotional pocket watches, of many different subjects. Anglo-Celtic movements, particularly pocket- and stop-watches, were widely used by budget watchmakers in the UK (Services, Westclox, Timex) and USA (Lafayette) etc. It should be noted that Services merely cased up movements.
Anglo-Celtic ceased wrist-watch production in about 1976, but pocket- and stop-watch production continued until June 1980 at which Smiths' alarm clock business also closed. Marketing of Smiths branded timepieces, many electronic, was continued by the Smiths-owned TNG distributors until 1983 when Smiths pulled out of the industry, save for their TimeGuard time control business. Very many years later the 'Smiths' brand was licenced to others.
