History of Watches - Revision history

Richard: /* Quartz */

2020-04-09T22:08:19Z

Quartz

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	==Quartz==		==Quartz==
	The commercial introduction of the [[quartz watch]] in 1969 in the form of the Omega [[Omega Electroquartz\|Beta 21]] and the Seiko [[Astron (wristwatch)\|Astron]] was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel which oscillated at perhaps 5 or 6 beats per second, they used a [[crystal oscillator\|quartz crystal]] [[resonator]] which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered electronic oscillator. Since the 1980s, more quartz watches than mechanical ones have been marketed.		The commercial introduction of the [[quartz watch]] in 1969 in the form of the Omega [[Omega Electroquartz\|Beta 21]] and the Seiko [[Astron (wristwatch)\|Astron]] was a revolutionary improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel which oscillated at perhaps 5 or 6 beats per second, they used a [[crystal oscillator\|quartz crystal]] [[resonator]] which vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery-powered electronic oscillator. Since the 1980s, more quartz watches than mechanical ones have been marketed.


	Tuning-fork watches use a type of electromechanical movement. Introduced by [[Bulova]] in 1960, they use a tuning fork with a precise frequency (most often 360 [[hertz]]) to drive a mechanical watch. The task of converting electronically pulsed fork vibration into rotary movements is done via two tiny jeweled fingers, called pawls. [[Electric watch#Types of electric watches\|Tuning-fork watches]] were rendered obsolete when electronic quartz watches were developed. [[Quartz watch]]es were cheaper to produce besides being more accurate.

	~~{{Main\|Mainspring}}~~
	Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

Richard: /* External links */

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External links

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	{{Main\|Mainspring}}		{{Main\|Mainspring}}
	Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.		Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

	~~== External links ==~~
	~~{{Wiktionary}}~~
	~~{{Commons category\|Watches}}~~
	* [http://www.watkinsr.id.au/david.html American and Swiss Watchmaking in 1876 by Jacques David]
	* [http://www.sil.si.edu/digitalcollections/HistoryCultureCollections/SIL-029-015/pdf/SIL-029-015.pdf The Watch Factories of America Past and Present by Henry G. Abbott (1888)]
	* [http://www.fhs.ch/ Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH]
	* [http://v3.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=GB218487&F=0 UK patent GB218487, Improvements relating to wrist watches], 1923 patent resulting from John Harwood's invention of a practical self-winding watch mechanism.

	~~{{Jewellery}}~~
	~~{{Time measurement and standards}}~~
	~~{{Time topics}}~~
	~~{{Authority control}}~~

	~~[[Category:Watches\| ]]~~

Richard: /* The Wristwatch */

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The Wristwatch

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	Although there was an attempt to modernise clock manufacture with mass production techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery by the [[British Watch Company]] in 1843, it was in the [[United States]] that this system took off. Aaron Lufkin [[Dennison]] started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 it was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the [[Waltham]] Watch Company.		Although there was an attempt to modernise clock manufacture with mass production techniques and the application of duplicating tools and machinery by the [[British Watch Company]] in 1843, it was in the [[United States]] that this system took off. Aaron Lufkin [[Dennison]] started a factory in 1851 in Massachusetts that used interchangeable parts, and by 1861 it was running a successful enterprise incorporated as the [[Waltham]] Watch Company.

	=== The Wristwatch ===		== The Wristwatch ==

	The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester in 1571, described as an armed watch. The oldest surviving wristwatch (then described as a bracelet watch) is one made in 1806 and given to Joséphine de Beauharnais. From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocket watches up until the early 20th century.		The concept of the wristwatch goes back to the production of the very earliest watches in the 16th century. Elizabeth I of England received a wristwatch from Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester in 1571, described as an armed watch. The oldest surviving wristwatch (then described as a bracelet watch) is one made in 1806 and given to Joséphine de Beauharnais. From the beginning, wristwatches were almost exclusively worn by women, while men used pocket watches up until the early 20th century.

Richard: /* References */

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References

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	{{Main\|Mainspring}}		{{Main\|Mainspring}}
	Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.		Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

	~~==References==~~
	~~{{Reflist}}~~

	== External links ==		== External links ==

Richard: /* Further reading */

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Richard: /* See also */

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Richard: /* Functions */

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Functions

Show changes

Richard: /* Handedness */

2020-04-09T22:06:04Z

Handedness

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	{{Main\|Mainspring}}		{{Main\|Mainspring}}
	Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.		Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

	~~==Handedness==~~
	Wristwatches with analog displays generally have a small knob, called the crown, that can be used to adjust the time and, in mechanical watches, wind the spring. Almost always, the crown is located on the right-hand side of the watch so it can be worn of the left wrist for a right-handed individual. This makes it inconvenient to use if the watch is being worn on the right wrist. Some manufacturers offer "left-hand drive", aka "destro", configured watches which move the crown to the left side<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://wornandwound.com/a-guide-to-destro-watches-from-sinn-muhle-citizen-and-more/\|title=A Guide to "Destro": Watches from Sinn, Mühle, Citizen, and More - Worn & Wound\|date=10 May 2016\|website=Wornandwound.com\|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref> making wearing the watch easier for left-handed individuals.

	A rarer configuration is the bullhead watch. Bullhead watches are generally, but not exclusively, [[chronograph]]s. The configuration moves the crown and chronograph pushers to the top of the watch. Bullheads are commonly wristwatch chronographs that are intended to be used as stopwatches off the wrist. Examples are the Citizen Bullhead Change Timer<ref>CITIZEN "BULLHEAD" CHALLENGE TIMER</ref> and the Omega Seamaster Bullhead.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/hands-on-with-the-omega-seamaster-bullhead-live-pics-pricing\|title=Hands-On: With The Omega Seamaster Bullhead (Live Pics + Pricing)\|website=Hodinkee.com\|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>

	~~Digital watches generally have push-buttons that can be used to make adjustments. These are usually equally easy to use on either wrist.~~

	==Functions==		==Functions==

Richard: /* Speech synthesis */

2020-04-09T22:05:40Z

Speech synthesis

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	{{Main\|Mainspring}}		{{Main\|Mainspring}}
	Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.		Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40  hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.

	~~== Speech synthesis ==~~
	[[Speech synthesis\|Talking]] watches are available, intended for the [[Visual impairment\|blind or visually impaired]]. They speak the time out loud at the press of a button. This has the disadvantage of disturbing others nearby or at least alerting the non-[[deaf]] that the wearer is checking the time. Tactile watches are preferred to avoid this awkwardness, but talking watches are preferred for those who are not confident in their ability to read a tactile watch reliably.

	==Handedness==		==Handedness==

Richard: /* Display */

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Display

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 {{Main|Mainspring}}
 Traditional mechanical watch movements use a spiral spring called a [[mainspring]] as a power source. In ''manual watches'' the spring must be rewound periodically by the user by turning the watch crown. Antique [[pocketwatch]]es were wound by inserting a separate key into a hole in the back of the watch and turning it. Most modern watches are designed to run 40&nbsp; hours on a winding and thus must be wound daily, but some run for several days and a few have 192-hour mainsprings and are wound weekly.
 == Speech synthesis ==

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	~~==Further reading==~~
	* [[Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe\|Beckett, Edmund]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/17576 ''A Rudimentary Treatise on Clocks, Watches and Bells''], 1903, from [[Project Gutenberg]]
	* Berner, G.A., [http://www.fhs.ch/berner/?l=en ''Illustrated Professional Dictionary of Horology''], [[Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry]] FH 1961–2012
	* Daniels, George, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWq8c0xvGxsC&printsec=frontcover ''Watchmaking''], London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 1981 (reprinted 15 June 2011)
	* De Carle, Donald, (Illustrations by E. A. Ayres), [https://archive.org/details/practicalwatchre0000deca ''Practical Watch Repairing''], 3rd edition, New York : [[Skyhorse Pub.]], 2008. {{ISBN\|978-1-60239-357-8}}. Significant information on watches, their history, and inner workings.
	* Denn, Mark, "The Tourbillon and How It Works", ''IEEE Control Systems Magazine'', June 2010, [[IEEE Control Systems Society]], DOI 10.1109/MCS.2010.936291.
	* Grafton, Edward, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GlIEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Horology, a popular sketch of clock and watch making''], London: Aylett and Jones, 1849

	== External links ==		== External links ==